Coffee has a significant impact on gut health, primarily through its influence on the gut microbiome. Moderate coffee consumption (less than 4 cups per day) is linked to increased diversity and abundance of beneficial gut bacteria such as Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and *Bifidobacterium* species, while reducing potentially harmful bacteria like Enterobacteria and Bacteroidetes. This positive modulation is partly attributed to coffee’s rich polyphenol content, especially chlorogenic acid, which acts as an antioxidant and supports the growth of health-promoting bacteria like *Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus*.
Coffee also stimulates gut motility and secretion, aiding digestion and bowel movements, effects that are not solely dependent on caffeine. Additionally, the soluble fiber in coffee serves as a prebiotic, feeding good bacteria and enhancing intestinal barrier health. These gut microbiota changes may contribute to coffee’s broader health benefits, including reduced risks of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and fatty liver disease.